桥基岸坡变形破坏机制物理模拟研究     

王华 《岩土力学》2011,32(7):2034-2038

结合某大桥桥基岸坡地质条件,采用相似原理为基础的底摩擦试验方法,定性模拟分析了在天然状态和加载条件下岸坡岩体的变形破坏过程和模式。试验结果表明：在天然状态下,左右岸岸坡岩体处于稳定状态;在加载条件下,左岸岸坡岩体稳定,右岸发育的错落体失稳,而导致整个岸坡不稳定,建议对其进行预加固或改变桥墩位置  相似文献   

Control of sediment dynamics by vegetation as a key function driving biogeomorphic succession within fluvial corridors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dov Corenblit  Johannes Steiger  Angela M. Gurnell  Eric Tabacchi  Lydie Roques 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(13):1790-1810

Riparian vegetation responds to hydrogeomorphic disturbances and environmental changes and also controls these changes. Here, we propose that the control of sediment erosion and deposition by riparian vegetation is a key geomorphological and ecological (i.e. biogeomorphic) function within fluvial corridors. In a 3 year study, we investigated the correlations between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphic dynamics along a transverse gradient from the main channel to the floodplain of the River Tech, France. Sediment erosion and deposition rates varied significantly along the transverse gradient as a function of the vegetation biovolume intercepting water flow. These effects, combined with the extremely strong mechanical resistance of pioneer woody structures and strong resilience of pioneer labile herbaceous communities, Populus nigra and Salix spp., explain the propensity of biogeomorphic succession (i.e. the synergy between vegetation succession and landform construction) to progress between destructive floods. This geomorphological function newly identified as an ‘ecosystem function’ per se encompasses the coupling of habitat and landform creation, maintenance and change with fundamental ecosystem structural changes in space and in time. Three different biogeomorphic functions, all related to the concept of ecosystem engineering, were identified: (i) the function of pioneer herbaceous communities to retain fine sediment and diaspores in the exposed zones of the active tract near the water resource, facilitating recruitment of further herbaceous and Salicacea species; (ii) the function of woody vegetation to drive the construction of forested islands and floodplains; and (iii) the function of stabilised riparian forests to act as ‘diversity reservoirs’ which can support regeneration after destructive floods. Overall, this study based on empirical data points to the fundamental importance of sediment flow control by pioneer riparian vegetation in defining fluvial ecosystem and landform organisation in time and in space. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An empirical model of event scale cohesive bank profile evolution     

Jim Pizzuto 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(9):1234-1244

The highly stochastic nature of riverbank erosion has driven the need for spatially explicit empirical models. Detailed bank profile surveys along a meander bend of the Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania, USA, before and after 28 high flow events over a 2·5 year period are used to develop an empirical model of cohesive bank profile erosion. Two hundred and thirty‐six bank erosion observations are classified as hydraulic erosion or subaerial erosion. Threshold conditions required to initiate bank erosion cannot be defined based on field measurements. Using the near‐bank velocity and the number of freeze–thaw cycles as predictors, regression equations are derived for hydraulic erosion that specify the length, thickness, and location on the bank face of eroded blocks. An empirical discriminant function defines the critical geometry of overhang failures, and the volumes removed by overhang failures are computed using another regression equation. All the regression equations are significant, but have low correlation coefficients, suggesting that cohesive bank erosion has a strong stochastic component. Individual events typically remove small masses of soil (average volume 0·084 m³/m) a few centimeters thick (median = 0·057 m) and a few decimeters in length (median = 0·50 m) from the lower third of the bank. Hydraulic erosion is responsible for 87% of all erosion. When applied to three survey sites not used in its development, the profile model predicts the total volume of erosion with errors of 23%, 5% and 1%. Twenty‐four percent of computed erosion volumes for single events are within 50% of observed volumes at these three sites. Extending the approach to decadal timescales and to entire bends will require three‐dimensional observations of bank failure, and spatially and temporally explicit methods to account for the influence of individual large trees on bank failures and near‐bank hydraulic processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Enhanced application of root‐reinforcement algorithms for bank‐stability modeling     

Natasha Pollen‐Bankhead  Andrew Simon 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(4):471-480

Riparian vegetation is known to exert a number of mechanical and hydrologic controls on bank stability. In particular, plant roots provide mechanical reinforcement to a soil matrix due to the different responses of soils and roots to stress. Root reinforcement is largely a function of the strength of the roots crossing potential shear planes, and the number and diameter of such roots. However, previous bank stability models have been constrained by limited field data pertaining to the spatial and temporal variability of root networks within stream banks. In this paper, a method is developed to use root‐architecture data to derive parameters required for modeling temporal and spatial changes in root reinforcement. Changes in root numbers over time were assumed to follow a sigmoidal curve, which commonly represents the growth rates of organisms. Regressions for numbers of roots crossing potential shear planes over time showed small variations between species during the juvenile growth phase, but extrapolation led to large variations in root numbers by the time the senescent phase of the sigmoidal growth curve had been reached. In light of potential variability in the field data, the mean number of roots crossing a potential shear plane at each year of tree growth was also calculated using data from all species and an additional sigmoidal regression was run. After 30 years the mean number of roots predicted to cross a 1 m shear plane was 484, compared with species‐specific curves whose values ranged from 240 roots for black willow trees to 890 roots for western cottonwood trees. In addition, the effect of spatial variations in rooting density with depth on stream‐bank stability was modeled using the bank stability and toe erosion model (BSTEM). Three root distributions, all approximating the same average root reinforcement (5 kPa) over the top 1 m of the bank profile, were modeled, but with differing vertical distributions (concentrated near surface, non‐linear decline with depth, uniform over top meter). It was found that stream‐bank F_S varied the most when the proportion of the failure plane length to the depth of the rooting zone was greatest. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

土壤种子库萌发实验在野外与室内的对比分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王增如  徐海量  尹林克  严成  郑路 《中国沙漠》2009,29(2):264-269

实验室萌发法是目前国内外研究土壤种子库时普遍采用的方法,而实验室与野外自然环境在萌发条件上具有很大的差异,在野外进行萌发实验是否对土壤种子库恢复潜力的估计更具有可靠性？鉴于此,我们在塔里木河下游选择了3个典型断面,分别在野外和实验室进行了土壤种子库萌发实验。结果表明:①野外与实验室萌出的物种相同,但幼苗密度在野外(598.8株\5m-2)明显高于实验室(530.3株\5m-2)。②物种组成中,豆科物种在野外实验幼苗密度明显较高;若以生活型划分,多年生草本和灌木幼苗密度在野外明显高于实验室。③各物种在野外和实验室的萌发特征相似,但在实验室萌发速度较快,萌发高峰期提前了2~3 d。综合来看,对于塔里木河下游土壤种子库的研究,在野外进行萌发实验其结果更具有可靠性。这对今后土壤种子库的研究具有参考意义。  相似文献   

塔里木河下游退化荒漠河岸林地上植被与土壤种子库关系初探   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

徐海量  李吉玫  张占江  叶茂  王增如 《中国沙漠》2008,28(4):657-664

以塔里木河下游为研究区,选择退化程度不同的4个典型断面19个样地,利用种子萌发法进行了两年的种子库土壤萌发实验,试图就生态严重退化区的土壤种子库与地上植被的关系以及退化程度的差异对种子库特征的影响开展针对性的研究。结果显示: ①塔里木河下游土壤种子库的基本特征是:种子库密度小、物种种类组成较单一、物种的多样性低和地上植被与种子库的相似性较低;②随退化程度的加剧,土壤种子库密度明显下降、表层种子库比例升高、一年生草本占优势逐渐向多年生草本和灌木转变、地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成上差异显著;③退化过程中种子库多样性的变化比地上植被变化要迟缓,但是在植被退化演替的末期,土壤种子库的物种多样性指数衰减的幅度又明显快于地上植被的衰减幅度;④受干旱环境和严重退化的双重影响塔里木河下游土壤种子库与地上植被的关系表现出退化演替末期共有物种数的减少和相似性明显递减的特点。  相似文献   

Bank permeability in an Australian ephemeral dry‐land stream: variation with stage resulting from mud deposition and sediment clogging     

David L. Dunkerley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(2):226-243

Percolation of flood waters into the bed and banks of ephemeral streams provides one of the key mechanisms responsible for transmission loss. However, there are very few published estimates of the rates at which water can enter stream‐bank sediments, and little is known about the variation in bank permeability with elevation above the bed and the resulting effects on transmission loss in floods of different magnitudes. This paper presents the results of 69 field determinations of bank infiltrability made on Fowlers Creek, an ephemeral dry‐land stream located in arid western New South Wales, Australia. Fowlers Creek carries high concentrations of suspended sediments, which are deposited as mud drapes on the bed, banks and floodplain. Results demonstrate that infiltration rates are lowest at the base of the banks, and tend to increase steadily with elevation on the bank, even above the apparent upper limit of mud drapes. In parallel, the texture of the bank sediments (assessed from samples of the uppermost 10 cm) becomes coarser with elevation above the bed. This pattern is inferred to relate to the delivery of silts and clays into pore spaces in the bank sediments by percolating flood waters. The patterns of infiltration rate and sediment texture mapped in the field are reasoned to be the product of many clogging episodes in past flood events having different peak stages. The increase in infiltration rate and mean particle size up the banks reflects lower frequencies of submergence and clogging of the upper banks by large floods, and more frequent inundation and clogging of the lower banks by sub‐bank‐full flows. The stage‐related changes in bank permeability provide a mechanism that can drive variations in transmission loss among floods having different peak stages and hydrograph shapes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

库水位涨落对库岸滑坡稳定性的影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

罗红明  唐辉明  章广成  徐卫亚 《地球科学》2008,33(5):687-692

三峡水库正常蓄水后, 库水位在175~145m之间周期性波动, 滑坡地下水渗流状态将会发生较大的改变, 可能导致滑坡失稳.因此, 研究库水位周期性波动下滑坡的稳定性具有十分重要的意义.提出了土水特征曲线的多项式约束优化模型和采用饱和-非饱和渗流数值模型.以赵树岭滑坡为例, 利用有限元数值计算了库水位在175~145m之间波动下地下水渗流场, 将计算得到的孔隙水压力用于滑坡的极限平衡分析, 探讨了库水位上升和下降对库岸滑坡稳定性的影响.研究表明: 多项式优化模型可以很好地拟合非饱和土的土水特征曲线; 库水位上升时滑坡稳定性系数总体逐渐增大, 库水位下降时滑坡稳定性系数总体逐渐减小; 无论是库水位上升还是下降到库水位155m时, 其稳定性系数最小; 同一库水位下, 库水位上升时的稳定性系数比下降时的稳定性系数大.   相似文献   

雾化雨入渗对溪洛渡水垫塘区岸坡稳定性的影响   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

胡云进  速宝玉  詹美礼 《岩土力学》2003,24(1):8-12

运用不平衡推力传递法编制了考虑非饱和带基质吸力和暂态附加水荷载等作用的岩坡稳定分析程序ZSLP。根据雾化雨模型试验结果和岸坡护面措施可能发挥的功效,拟定了12种分析工况。在12种雾化雨入渗工况下,用ZSLP程序对溪洛渡水垫塘区岸坡进行了稳定分析。分析结果表明,雾化雨入渗能显著降低岸坡的稳定安全系数,安全系数的降幅对护面措施的功效比较敏感,应重视控制雾化雨的入渗。  相似文献   

Species selection and assessment of eco-engineering effects of seedlings for biogeomorphological landscape experiments     

Ivar R. Lokhorst  Sjoukje I. de Lange  Gerard van Buiten  Sanja Selaković  Maarten G. Kleinhans 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(14):2922-2935

Landscape experiments of fluvial environments such as rivers and deltas are often conducted with live seedlings to investigate effects of biogeomorphological interactions on morphology and stratigraphy. However, such experiments have been limited to a single species, usually alfalfa (Medicago sativa), whereas important environments in nature have many different vegetation types and eco-engineering effects. Landscape experimentation would therefore benefit from a larger choice of tested plant species. For the purpose of experimental design our objective was to identify fast-germinating and fast-growing species and determine their sensitivity to flow conditions during and after settling, their maximum growth, hydraulic resistance and added bank strength. We tested germination time and seedling growth rate of 18 candidate species with readily available seeds that are fast growing and occur at waterlines, plus Medicago sativa as a control. We selected five species that germinate and develop within days and measured properties and eco-engineering effects depending on plant age and density, targeting typical experimental conditions of 0–0.3 m/s flow velocity and 0–30 mm water depth. Tested eco-engineering effects include bank strength and flow resistance. We found that Rumex hydrolapathum can represent riparian trees. The much smaller Veronica beccabunga and Lotus pedunculatus can represent grass and saltmarsh species as they grow in dense patches with high flow resistance but are readily erodible. Sorghum bicolor grows into tall, straight shoots, which add significantly to bank strength, but adds little flow resistance and may represent sparse hardwood trees. Medicago sativa also grows densely under water, suggesting a use for mangroves and perhaps peat. In stronger and deeper flows the application of all species changes accordingly. These species can now be used in a range of landscape experiments to investigate combined effects on living landscape patterns and possible facilitation between species. The testing and treatment methodology can be applied to new species and other laboratory conditions. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. © 2019 The Authors Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd © 2019 The Authors Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献